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<br>Announced in 2016, [setiathome.berkeley.edu](https://setiathome.berkeley.edu/view_profile.php?userid=11877510) Gym is an [open-source Python](https://jamesrodriguezclub.com) library designed to help with the advancement of support learning algorithms. It aimed to [standardize](https://skillsinternational.co.in) how environments are specified in [AI](https://hitechjobs.me) research, making published research study more easily reproducible [24] [144] while supplying users with a basic user interface for interacting with these environments. In 2022, brand-new developments of Gym have actually been moved to the library Gymnasium. [145] [146] |
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<br>Gym Retro<br> |
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<br>Released in 2018, Gym Retro is a platform for [reinforcement knowing](https://git.fandiyuan.com) (RL) research on computer game [147] using RL algorithms and study generalization. Prior RL research study focused mainly on enhancing agents to solve single jobs. Gym Retro provides the capability to generalize between games with similar ideas however various appearances.<br> |
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<br>RoboSumo<br> |
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<br>Released in 2017, RoboSumo is a virtual world where humanoid metalearning robotic agents at first do not have knowledge of how to even walk, however are given the goals of [discovering](https://www.tkc-games.com) to move and to press the opposing representative out of the ring. [148] Through this adversarial knowing process, the agents learn how to adapt to changing conditions. When a representative is then removed from this virtual environment and put in a new virtual environment with high winds, the representative braces to remain upright, recommending it had actually found out how to stabilize in a generalized method. [148] [149] OpenAI's Igor Mordatch argued that competitors between agents might create an intelligence "arms race" that could increase an agent's capability to work even outside the context of the competition. [148] |
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<br>OpenAI 5<br> |
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<br>OpenAI Five is a team of 5 OpenAI-curated bots utilized in the [competitive five-on-five](http://1.14.125.63000) computer game Dota 2, that find out to play against human gamers at a high skill level totally through experimental algorithms. Before becoming a group of 5, [raovatonline.org](https://raovatonline.org/author/namchism044/) the very first public demonstration took place at The International 2017, the annual premiere championship competition for the video game, where Dendi, a professional Ukrainian gamer, lost against a bot in a live one-on-one matchup. [150] [151] After the match, CTO Greg Brockman explained that the bot had learned by playing against itself for 2 weeks of actual time, and that the knowing software application was a step in the direction of creating software that can handle complex tasks like a surgeon. [152] [153] The system uses a type of support learning, as the bots learn over time by playing against themselves numerous times a day for months, and are rewarded for actions such as eliminating an enemy and taking map goals. [154] [155] [156] |
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<br>By June 2018, the ability of the bots broadened to play together as a complete group of 5, and they were able to defeat groups of amateur and semi-professional gamers. [157] [154] [158] [159] At The 2018, OpenAI Five played in 2 [exhibit matches](https://gogolive.biz) against expert gamers, however wound up losing both video games. [160] [161] [162] In April 2019, OpenAI Five defeated OG, the reigning world champions of the video game at the time, 2:0 in a live [exhibit match](https://owow.chat) in San Francisco. [163] [164] The bots' last public look came later on that month, where they played in 42,729 total [video games](http://git.eyesee8.com) in a four-day open online competition, winning 99.4% of those games. [165] |
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<br>OpenAI 5's systems in Dota 2's bot player reveals the obstacles of [AI](https://estekhdam.in) systems in multiplayer online fight arena (MOBA) video games and how OpenAI Five has actually demonstrated using deep support [learning](https://foke.chat) (DRL) agents to attain superhuman proficiency in Dota 2 matches. [166] |
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<br>Dactyl<br> |
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<br>Developed in 2018, Dactyl utilizes machine learning to train a Shadow Hand, a human-like robotic hand, to control physical things. [167] It discovers entirely in simulation using the exact same RL algorithms and training code as OpenAI Five. OpenAI took on the things orientation issue by using domain randomization, a simulation technique which exposes the student to a variety of experiences instead of trying to fit to truth. The set-up for Dactyl, aside from having movement tracking cams, likewise has [RGB cameras](https://hankukenergy.kr) to permit the robotic to control an [approximate object](https://gitea.lelespace.top) by seeing it. In 2018, OpenAI showed that the system had the ability to manipulate a cube and an octagonal prism. [168] |
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<br>In 2019, OpenAI demonstrated that Dactyl might fix a Rubik's Cube. The robotic was able to fix the puzzle 60% of the time. Objects like the Rubik's Cube present intricate physics that is harder to design. OpenAI did this by enhancing the robustness of Dactyl to perturbations by utilizing Automatic Domain Randomization (ADR), a simulation approach of producing gradually more tough environments. ADR differs from manual domain randomization by not needing a human to define randomization ranges. [169] |
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<br>API<br> |
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<br>In June 2020, [OpenAI revealed](https://sun-clinic.co.il) a multi-purpose API which it said was "for accessing brand-new [AI](https://code.cypod.me) designs developed by OpenAI" to let designers contact it for "any English language [AI](https://www.jr-it-services.de:3000) task". [170] [171] |
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<br>Text generation<br> |
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<br>The company has actually promoted generative [pretrained transformers](https://git.randomstar.io) (GPT). [172] |
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<br>OpenAI's initial GPT model ("GPT-1")<br> |
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<br>The original paper on generative pre-training of a transformer-based language model was written by Alec Radford and his coworkers, and published in preprint on OpenAI's site on June 11, 2018. [173] It showed how a generative model of language could obtain world understanding and process long-range reliances by pre-training on a diverse corpus with long stretches of contiguous text.<br> |
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<br>GPT-2<br> |
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<br>Generative Pre-trained Transformer 2 ("GPT-2") is an unsupervised transformer language model and the follower to OpenAI's initial GPT model ("GPT-1"). GPT-2 was announced in February 2019, with only limited [demonstrative versions](http://revoltsoft.ru3000) at first [launched](http://git.vimer.top3000) to the general public. The full variation of GPT-2 was not instantly released due to issue about possible abuse, consisting of applications for composing fake news. [174] Some specialists expressed uncertainty that GPT-2 posed a considerable threat.<br> |
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<br>In action to GPT-2, the Allen [Institute](http://47.120.70.168000) for Artificial Intelligence responded with a tool to identify "neural fake news". [175] Other researchers, such as Jeremy Howard, alerted of "the technology to absolutely fill Twitter, email, and the web up with reasonable-sounding, context-appropriate prose, which would muffle all other speech and be impossible to filter". [176] In November 2019, OpenAI released the complete version of the GPT-2 language model. [177] Several sites host interactive demonstrations of different instances of GPT-2 and other transformer designs. [178] [179] [180] |
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<br>GPT-2's authors argue not being watched language designs to be general-purpose learners, illustrated by GPT-2 attaining cutting edge accuracy and perplexity on 7 of 8 zero-shot jobs (i.e. the model was not more trained on any task-specific input-output examples).<br> |
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<br>The corpus it was trained on, called WebText, contains a little 40 gigabytes of text from URLs shared in [Reddit submissions](https://www.cbmedics.com) with at least 3 upvotes. It avoids certain issues encoding vocabulary with word tokens by utilizing byte pair encoding. This permits representing any string of characters by encoding both specific characters and multiple-character tokens. [181] |
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<br>GPT-3<br> |
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<br>First explained in May 2020, Generative Pre-trained [a] Transformer 3 (GPT-3) is a without supervision transformer language design and the follower to GPT-2. [182] [183] [184] OpenAI stated that the complete version of GPT-3 contained 175 billion parameters, [184] 2 orders of magnitude larger than the 1.5 billion [185] in the full variation of GPT-2 (although GPT-3 designs with as couple of as 125 million specifications were also trained). [186] |
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<br>OpenAI mentioned that GPT-3 prospered at certain "meta-learning" jobs and might generalize the function of a single input-output pair. The GPT-3 release paper [offered examples](http://doosung1.co.kr) of translation and cross-linguistic transfer knowing between English and Romanian, and in between English and German. [184] |
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<br>GPT-3 drastically enhanced benchmark outcomes over GPT-2. OpenAI warned that such scaling-up of language designs might be [approaching](https://acrohani-ta.com) or encountering the fundamental capability constraints of predictive language designs. [187] Pre-training GPT-3 needed a number of thousand petaflop/s-days [b] of calculate, compared to tens of petaflop/s-days for the complete GPT-2 model. [184] Like its predecessor, [174] the GPT-3 trained model was not right away released to the public for [systemcheck-wiki.de](https://systemcheck-wiki.de/index.php?title=Benutzer:MittieBusch3064) issues of possible abuse, although OpenAI prepared to allow gain access to through a paid cloud API after a two-month free personal beta that started in June 2020. [170] [189] |
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<br>On September 23, 2020, GPT-3 was certified solely to Microsoft. [190] [191] |
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<br>Codex<br> |
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<br>Announced in mid-2021, Codex is a descendant of GPT-3 that has in addition been trained on code from 54 million GitHub repositories, [192] [193] and is the [AI](https://sowjobs.com) powering the code autocompletion tool GitHub Copilot. [193] In August 2021, an API was released in personal beta. [194] According to OpenAI, the model can create working code in over a lots programs languages, many [effectively](https://bcstaffing.co) in Python. [192] |
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<br>Several problems with problems, design flaws and security vulnerabilities were cited. [195] [196] |
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<br>GitHub Copilot has been accused of emitting copyrighted code, without any author attribution or license. [197] |
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<br>OpenAI revealed that they would stop support for Codex API on March 23, 2023. [198] |
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<br>GPT-4<br> |
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<br>On March 14, 2023, OpenAI revealed the release of Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4), efficient in accepting text or image inputs. [199] They revealed that the updated innovation passed a simulated law school bar exam with a score around the top 10% of [test takers](http://47.95.167.2493000). (By contrast, GPT-3.5 scored around the bottom 10%.) They said that GPT-4 might also read, analyze or produce up to 25,000 words of text, and compose code in all significant programs languages. [200] |
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<br>Observers reported that the version of ChatGPT using GPT-4 was an enhancement on the previous GPT-3.5-based iteration, with the caveat that GPT-4 retained some of the problems with earlier modifications. [201] GPT-4 is likewise efficient in taking images as input on ChatGPT. [202] OpenAI has decreased to reveal various [technical details](https://apk.tw) and stats about GPT-4, such as the accurate size of the model. [203] |
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<br>GPT-4o<br> |
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<br>On May 13, 2024, OpenAI announced and launched GPT-4o, which can process and produce text, images and audio. [204] GPT-4o attained modern results in voice, multilingual, and vision benchmarks, setting brand-new records in audio speech [acknowledgment](https://git.progamma.com.ua) and translation. [205] [206] It scored 88.7% on the Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) criteria compared to 86.5% by GPT-4. [207] |
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<br>On July 18, 2024, OpenAI launched GPT-4o mini, a smaller version of GPT-4o changing GPT-3.5 Turbo on the ChatGPT interface. Its API costs $0.15 per million input tokens and $0.60 per million output tokens, compared to $5 and $15 respectively for GPT-4o. OpenAI expects it to be particularly helpful for business, start-ups and designers seeking to automate services with [AI](https://spillbean.in.net) agents. [208] |
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<br>o1<br> |
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<br>On September 12, 2024, [OpenAI launched](https://git.coalitionofinvisiblecolleges.org) the o1-preview and o1-mini models, which have been [designed](http://git.aimslab.cn3000) to take more time to consider their actions, leading to greater [accuracy](http://203.171.20.943000). These designs are especially efficient in science, coding, and thinking jobs, and were made available to ChatGPT Plus and Employee. [209] [210] In December 2024, o1-preview was replaced by o1. [211] |
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<br>o3<br> |
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<br>On December 20, 2024, OpenAI revealed o3, the follower of the o1 reasoning design. OpenAI also revealed o3-mini, a lighter and much faster version of OpenAI o3. Since December 21, 2024, this model is not available for public usage. According to OpenAI, they are checking o3 and o3-mini. [212] [213] Until January 10, 2025, security and security researchers had the chance to obtain early access to these designs. [214] The design is called o3 rather than o2 to avoid confusion with telecommunications providers O2. [215] |
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<br>Deep research<br> |
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<br>Deep research study is an agent established by OpenAI, revealed on February 2, [hb9lc.org](https://www.hb9lc.org/wiki/index.php/User:KeithSpina077) 2025. It leverages the capabilities of OpenAI's o3 design to carry out [extensive web](http://111.8.36.1803000) surfing, information analysis, and synthesis, providing detailed reports within a timeframe of 5 to thirty minutes. [216] With browsing and Python tools allowed, it reached an accuracy of 26.6 percent on HLE (Humanity's Last Exam) criteria. [120] |
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<br>Image category<br> |
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<br>CLIP<br> |
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<br>Revealed in 2021, [disgaeawiki.info](https://disgaeawiki.info/index.php/User:Mari220954) CLIP (Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training) is a design that is [trained](http://git.jishutao.com) to analyze the semantic resemblance between text and images. It can especially be [utilized](https://opela.id) for image category. [217] |
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<br>Text-to-image<br> |
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<br>DALL-E<br> |
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<br>Revealed in 2021, DALL-E is a Transformer model that develops images from textual descriptions. [218] DALL-E utilizes a 12-billion-parameter variation of GPT-3 to interpret natural language inputs (such as "a green leather handbag formed like a pentagon" or "an isometric view of a sad capybara") and create matching images. It can develop pictures of sensible objects ("a stained-glass window with an image of a blue strawberry") as well as items that do not exist in truth ("a cube with the texture of a porcupine"). As of March 2021, no API or code is available.<br> |
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<br>DALL-E 2<br> |
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<br>In April 2022, OpenAI announced DALL-E 2, an upgraded version of the model with more realistic outcomes. [219] In December 2022, OpenAI released on GitHub software for Point-E, a new simple system for transforming a text description into a 3-dimensional design. [220] |
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<br>DALL-E 3<br> |
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<br>In September 2023, OpenAI announced DALL-E 3, a more powerful model much better able to generate images from intricate descriptions without manual timely engineering and render [complicated details](https://git.silasvedder.xyz) like hands and text. [221] It was launched to the general public as a ChatGPT Plus feature in October. [222] |
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<br>Text-to-video<br> |
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<br>Sora<br> |
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<br>Sora is a text-to-video model that can [generate videos](https://pioneerayurvedic.ac.in) based on brief detailed triggers [223] along with extend existing videos forwards or in reverse in time. [224] It can generate videos with resolution as much as 1920x1080 or 1080x1920. The optimum length of produced videos is unidentified.<br> |
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<br>Sora's development group named it after the Japanese word for "sky", to symbolize its "endless innovative potential". [223] Sora's innovation is an adaptation of the innovation behind the DALL · E 3 text-to-image design. [225] OpenAI trained the system utilizing publicly-available videos as well as copyrighted videos accredited for that purpose, but did not reveal the number or the precise sources of the videos. [223] |
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<br>OpenAI demonstrated some Sora-created high-definition videos to the public on February 15, 2024, stating that it could create videos up to one minute long. It also shared a technical report highlighting the methods used to train the design, and the design's abilities. [225] It acknowledged some of its imperfections, including battles imitating complex physics. [226] Will Douglas Heaven of the MIT Technology Review called the demonstration videos "outstanding", however noted that they need to have been cherry-picked and may not represent Sora's normal output. [225] |
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<br>Despite uncertainty from some academic leaders following Sora's public demonstration, noteworthy entertainment-industry figures have revealed significant interest in the innovation's potential. In an interview, actor/filmmaker Tyler Perry revealed his awe at the technology's ability to produce reasonable video from text descriptions, citing its prospective to [revolutionize storytelling](https://redebrasil.app) and content development. He said that his enjoyment about [Sora's possibilities](https://social.midnightdreamsreborns.com) was so strong that he had chosen to stop briefly prepare for expanding his Atlanta-based film studio. [227] |
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<br>Speech-to-text<br> |
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<br>Whisper<br> |
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<br>Released in 2022, Whisper is a general-purpose speech acknowledgment design. [228] It is trained on a large dataset of varied audio and is also a [multi-task model](http://xn--ok0bw7u60ff7e69dmyw.com) that can perform multilingual speech acknowledgment in addition to speech translation and language identification. [229] |
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<br>Music generation<br> |
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<br>MuseNet<br> |
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<br>Released in 2019, MuseNet is a deep neural net trained to forecast subsequent musical notes in MIDI music files. It can produce tunes with 10 instruments in 15 designs. According to The Verge, a tune generated by MuseNet tends to begin fairly but then fall under mayhem the longer it plays. [230] [231] In pop culture, initial applications of this tool were utilized as early as 2020 for the internet psychological thriller Ben Drowned to develop music for the titular character. [232] [233] |
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<br>Jukebox<br> |
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<br>Released in 2020, Jukebox is an open-sourced algorithm to produce music with vocals. After [training](https://git.boergmann.it) on 1.2 million samples, the system accepts a category, artist, and a [snippet](https://savico.com.br) of lyrics and outputs song samples. OpenAI specified the tunes "show local musical coherence [and] follow conventional chord patterns" but acknowledged that the songs lack "familiar larger musical structures such as choruses that repeat" which "there is a significant gap" in between Jukebox and human-generated music. The Verge mentioned "It's highly remarkable, even if the outcomes seem like mushy versions of songs that may feel familiar", while Business Insider specified "surprisingly, some of the resulting songs are memorable and sound genuine". [234] [235] [236] |
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<br>Interface<br> |
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<br>Debate Game<br> |
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<br>In 2018, [OpenAI released](https://movie.nanuly.kr) the Debate Game, which teaches devices to [discuss](https://63game.top) toy issues in front of a human judge. The function is to research whether such an approach may assist in auditing [AI](https://git.project.qingger.com) choices and in developing explainable [AI](http://175.25.51.90:3000). [237] [238] |
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<br>Microscope<br> |
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<br>Released in 2020, Microscope [239] is a collection of [visualizations](http://8.130.52.45) of every significant layer and neuron of eight neural network designs which are frequently studied in [interpretability](http://47.92.109.2308080). [240] Microscope was produced to examine the features that form inside these neural networks quickly. The models included are AlexNet, VGG-19, various variations of Inception, and [garagesale.es](https://www.garagesale.es/author/lashaylaroc/) various variations of CLIP Resnet. [241] |
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<br>ChatGPT<br> |
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<br>Launched in November 2022, ChatGPT is a synthetic intelligence tool [constructed](https://gitea.chofer.ddns.net) on top of GPT-3 that provides a conversational interface that enables users to ask questions in natural language. The system then reacts with a response within seconds.<br> |
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